In HawkOpen the pixel is a transparent 1×1 GIF image placed at the end of the message. Each recipient gets a different, hard-to-guess address, so a request tells you which copy it came from. Together with the time, HawkOpen keeps technical details of the request, such as the type of network and the mail program, to judge who made it.
The pixel only works when the mail app loads images. If the recipient blocks images, no open is recorded. If Apple Mail, Gmail or a security filter loads the image in advance, an open appears even though nobody looked. That is why HawkOpen labels each request with a category and the rule that decided it.